What is meant by the word abortion Essay Example

What is meant by the word abortion Essay Example What is meant by the word abortion Essay What is meant by the word abortion Essay The word abortion means intentional destruction of a foetus or the inducing of a premature expulsion from the womb to cause death. (the termination and removal of a foetus while it is in the mothers womb). This can happen medically through a therapeutic abortion when the pregnancy is deliberately aborted or naturally through a miscarriage due to complications with the pregnancy. About 75% of all human conceptions abort in this way. The medical name for this is spontaneous abortion.A pill can be prescribed within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse or when contraception fails and a further two tablets 12 hours later. This pill is more commonly known as The Morning after pill.If the foetus is about up to 13 weeks old, a drug called prostin is usually given to make the uterus contract then the vacuum process will be used to expel the foetus. Special care is taken to ensure every piece of tissue is removed or this can cause serious harm. The medical name is vacuum aspiration (suction abo rtion). This is the most common method of abortion about 85% of abortions in England and Wales are done this way.Instead of using a suction tube, a scraping instrument (or curette) can be used and the foetus is scraped from the womb. In some places this method ahs almost been replaced by the suction method. The medical name for this is Dilation and CurettageInstead of using a curette small forceps can be used to crush the foetus and pull it out of the womb. This method is usually used later on in pregnancy. The medical name for this is Dilation and Evacuation.In very late abortions after 18 weeks, more common to America, the foetus life is ended with an injection of hormones called prostaglandins this induces the labour. The dead foetus is given birth to as if it were being born. Many late abortions are now performed by bringing on labour in this way.Abortion has been one of the most fiercely debated issues of the past millennium. As more people discuss it, new dimensions are added to the argument and this may be why laws vary from country to country and have changed so many times.Abortion has been legal in this country since 1967 when the abortion act was passed. The abortion act was passed because of an MP called David Steel. David Steel thought it was unnecessary for thousands of women to die each year through having back street abortions. Untrained people with un-sterilised equipment carried out these back street abortions. The abortion act stated, A mother can have an abortion if it is carried out before the 28th week of pregnancy. The act imposed this week limit because when the act was first passed the anti-natal equipment (ultrasounds etc) was very new and doctors didnt fully realise the amount the baby would have grown and developed. Also during the 1960s peoples attitudes towards women were changing, they now had more rights and could control contraception with the pill.The weeks limited was changed to 24 weeks under the 1990 Human Fertilisation and Embryology act where it was stated, An abortion should be carried out before the 24th week of pregnancy. It was altered because anti-natal technology and understanding had progressed rapidly and people realised there was a good chance a baby could survive if it was born at 28 weeks whereas at 24 weeks it couldnt. The law currently requires permission from two doctors to carry out an abortion.The current government would like to lower the week limit to 20 weeks, this is because anti-natal care has improved a lot even since 1990 and so a baby can survive at 24 weeks, but even now if a baby was born at 20 weeks there is no chance of it surviving. Nowadays abortions are carried out in hospitals or healthcare centres by trained doctors and nurses using sterilised equipment under these two acts. The governments plans may appease Pro-life campaigners who feel that human life is sacred.Some 17, 000 abortions are now carried out annually in England and Wales. Of the women involved, over two thirds are single and most have no previous (born) children.Southern Ireland agrees with the Pro-life point of view and so has made abortion illegal. This means that any Irish woman who gets pregnant has to travel over to Northern Ireland, which is governed by England to have an abortion. There are also many groups who are pro-abortion and feel that it is a womans right to choose what happens to her body.(ii) What biblical and Church teachings might be used in discussion about abortion?The Bible never mentions abortion directly because it is a medical term but it does have things to say about the sanctity of human life (sanctity is the quality of something considered so holy or important it must be respected totally). When they say this, Christians mean that they believe there is something special and holy about human life. They also believe that God makes each person individually and deliberately, so everyone has value.For example some of these teachings from the bible may be used as a Christians view. In Genesis 1:27 it proclaims, So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. So the bible teaches that people are in some way reflections of God, and that in human life, something that can be seen of God himself. Also in 2:7 it describes how God made Adam, and then breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. So Christians believe that only God can kill you because he alone created you.The traditional Christian teachings place the highest value on human life, which leads to them condemning the idea of abortion. One of the earliest teachings of Christianity not in the New Testament, The Didache, says: You shall not kill by abortion the fruit of the womb and you shall not murder the infant already bornThe Bible also says in Exodus 20:13 Thou shalt not kill. Both pro-abortion and Pro-life campaigners can use this statement. Firstly pro-abortion campaigners can say that human life doesnt start until the b aby is born but Pro-life campaigners can say that the Bible proclaims killing of anyone including a foetus is wrong. Christians believe that anyone shouldnt kill any living thing including a living foetus.Isaiah 49:5 says, And now, Saith the lord that formed me in the womb to be his servant This quote can be used by Pro-life campaigners who can say that God created us to serve and follow his commands. So Christians believe this quote means that God made you so only God can decide when you die.Acts 17:26 declares, And hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed and the bounds of their habitation This quote can be used by Pro-life campaigners who can say that only God can decide when we die because he created us all. Christians feel that this statement means that only God can decide when we die because he created everyone in the world.Jeremiah 1:5 says, Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, b efore you were born I set you apart. Basically this quote is explaining the fact that before a baby is born (a foetus) is separate from its mother therefore has the same rights to life.Lastly in Corinthians 3:17 it is written that, If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy: for the temple of God is hold, which temple ye are Christians believe this quote means that abortion is basically harming God himself because the temple of God is the human body because he created us all.Christianity is a very diverse religion it has many different churches that all interpret the Bible differentlyThe Church of England and the Church of Scotland teach that abortion is wrong except in extreme circumstances such as serious risk to the mothers health and life. They especially disapprove of abortion when the mother is doing it for selfish reasons such as saying her career is more important.The Free Churches believe abortion is down to the mother she has a right to decide. The only ch urch that rule abortion is completely wrong is the Roman Catholic Church.The Roman Catholic Church has the most traditional line on abortion. They believe the baby gains a soul at conception- Ensolement and that abortion is morally evil. They will not allow abortion under any circumstances what so ever, in fact they say, All people must realise that only God can end life, which is a view that reflects the quote from Act 17:26 that basically means, only God can decide when you die because he is the one who created you. A Roman Catholic Church in Glasgow even went as far as running a pro life scheme where they offered money and emotional support to pregnant women to keep their child rather than have an abortion. The scheme is open to women all over the world, not just in Scotland.The Roman Catholic view is completely different from the Methodist Churches point of view. The Methodist Church feel that abortion is perfectly acceptable if: The mothers life is in danger, The baby will be b orn with a severe handicap or the children already in the home will suffer if a new baby arrives This quote is like the one a pro-abortion campaigner could take for the text written in Acts 17:26 where the pro-abortion groups say even if God created all life a woman still has the right to decide what happens in her body.The two churches have interpreted the Bible quotes very differently with the Roman Catholic Church saying abortion is not allowed at all because it is murder. They have said this because in Exodus 20:13 it says Thou shalt not kill and they have interpreted this statement literally and have taken it to mean any person even a half formed one such as a foetus. The Methodist Church on the other hand has taken this quote and has disregarded it in a certain sense because they do not feel a foetus is a person. They have taken the view that when the foetus is in the womb it is not technically a human.I think the churches have interpreted the Bibles teachings differently beca use of their leaders, background and other religious viewpoints. The Roman Catholic Church is very traditional and interprets the Bible ideally and literally. The Roman Catholic Church has many ceremonies and sacraments. The Methodist Church is much more liberal and allows their followers more flexibility. The Methodist Church has tried to interpret the Bible in a way that is relevant for modern living.Depending on their own church of Christianity (Roman Catholic, Methodist, and Church of England etc) Christians can in some circumstances justify an abortion. If they are any other church other than Roman Catholic then Christians will always have at least one reason to have an abortion for example the baby having a severe handicap or the mothers life being in danger. This gives them a religious justification because it is saying yes you may have an abortion and we will not send you straight to hell, because of this it will make them feel better about themselves and their decision. Pro -life campaigners could rebuke all of the above statements by saying that no Christian can justify and abortion because if they do have an abortion they are going against God himself because he says in the Bible Thou shalt not kill (Exodus 20:13) Pro-abortion campaigners can say that even if their church doesnt allow an abortion then women should still have them if that is what they want because it is their right to do what they want with their bodies and not the right of their priest of the Bible. Personally I feel that any woman Christian or not is justified in having an abortion because it is her own right to do what she wants with her body.Through all of this, women from every religion continue to terminate pregnancies.(b) Explain how Christians might put their beliefs about abortion into action.There are many ways in which Christians who are against abortion might put these beliefs into action. Some examples of these actions are* Some Christians may wish to go to straight to th e source of the problem and cut it off right from the beginning. So they may organise talks for young people in their church, or work as young volunteers in a counselling centre which offers help and contraceptive advice to young people to try and give young people a chance to receive proper sex education so that fewer unwanted pregnancies happen in the first place.* A Christian may join a Pro-Life organisation, which campaigns against abortion, such as Life, SPUC (the Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child) or CURA. By doing this they will help target advertise the disadvantages of having an abortion and the issues, how to help people who have had an abortion, people who are considering an abortion and abortion rights. They advertise in leaflets and magazines etc, targeting young women. They can give free pregnancy tests, expert pregnancy counselling, accommodation before and after birth, advice about rights, and help with baby clothing etc and support. Providing these serv ices will help to bring down abortion rates as it provides the insecure mother with security and wellbeing.* They may pray about the problem of abortion, perhaps asking Gods help for the foetuses and for the pregnant women if perchance the woman is pregnant with a mentally handicapped child she may pray to save the potential child.* They might take part in protests against abortion. Some of these protests could be writing letters to their MP, take part in marches or other demonstrations, carry placards advertising their opinions, besiege clinics which offer abortions, and try to persuade the people visiting the clinic to think again before keeping with their abortion plans.* Christians offering advice to someone who might be considering having an abortion might suggest that the baby could be adopted, as there are many couples who would happily take on a child as they could be unable to conceive etc. There are many Christian adoption agencies, and a Christian who is against abortion my support one of these and therefore encourage women to go through with their pregnancies and give the baby to a couple who will provide him or her with a loving home.* Sometimes abortions are wanted because having the baby is going to prove to be to easier said than done, maybe because it will be born with medical problems or perhaps are suffering with financial problems. A Christian who, because of their faith, can offer support for families or single mothers. For instance a Christian may offer to baby-sit for a single parent, so that he or she can go out with their friends to let a bit of the stress and strain of looking after a child off. Some Christians work as foster career which involves them looking after the children of parents who are finding it difficult to manage, on a more long-term basis. These things could save many abortions taking place therefore reducing the abortion rate. This is a serene type of protesting against abortion.* Generally in discussion with other pe ople they might show that they strongly disagree with abortion, and they might explain their opinions by making reference to their faith and maybe the bible. Its a simple method of putting a Christians faith into action but sometimes it can be the most affective.* Some Christians may choose to go the politics route and try and get the law changed about abortions. They could do this by voting for someone in an election who promises to make abortions more difficult to obtain. This would be making a start to getting the law changed and therefore clearing the lawful right to have an abortion.There are also many ways in which Christians who are in favour of women being able to have an abortion might put these beliefs into action. Some examples of these actions are* Again they may pray about the abortion problem.* They may join similar groups like Life only a group which campaigns for the right to choose abortion such as the BMA, the British Pediatric Association or other Pro-choice campa igns.* They might support an organisation which offers counselling for people who have had abortions.* Even if they believe that abortion can sometimes be a sensible choice they may still believe in giving young people a chance to avoid unwanted pregnancies in the first place by giving them a proper sex education.* Again they may express their views about abortion in discussion but this time how they feel it is sometimes the most loving choice, also discouraging other people to criticise women who have chosen to have abortions and pointing out the many reasons people have abortions and why people still have the right to have an abortion.(c) Abortion is never justified. Do you agree?Some people may agree with this statement becauseIt has been said that a foetus is not a human being; it is merely part of the woman. Whereas, medical science has proved that the foetus is biologically separate from its mother. From the moment the embryo is formed a new individual comes into existence, ge netically different from its parents. The development of test tube fertilisation has proven that an embryo can exist outside a female body. All these scientific advances confirm that the unborn is a separate human being. The terms embryo, foetus, baby, child and adult are just different words for a human being at different stages of life.Given the necessities, a foetus has the potential to grow into an adult.Many women think that they would have to give up their job or education if they were to have a baby, but now this is not true. There are laws which prohibit discrimination on the basis of pregnancy. Even though a woman may have to postpone some of her plans, the foetus right to live should take precedence over the mothers right to a certain lifestyle.Other anti-abortionists would argue that people with severe handicaps can lead happy and fulfilled lives. Every foetus is a unique, talented human being, a genius perhaps even a William Shakespeare or Beethoven. An example of a pers on is the education minister who is blind, David Blunkett. Other examples are people who are involved in the Paralympics, a large achievement and success of disabled people. A very famous man called Stephen Hawkins has motor neurone disease. He is a wheelchair user because he is paralyzed and can only communicate through a computer. He has achieved such things as being a famous author and is a very well known scientist.The main argument against abortion is that human life is sacred and that killing a human even a half formed one is wrong it is basically murder. Pro-life campaigners and the Roman Catholic Church agree strongly with that view. They believe that this life begins from the moment of conception and anything that takes away this life is the same as to murder. If it is wrong to kill a baby of 2 months, in the eyes of Pro-Life people and some Christians it is equally wrong to kill a two-month-old embryo. They see every human life both within the womb and out of the womb as s acred and from God. So they believe that a fertilised egg is a human being that possesses a soul from the moment of conception.The different types of abortion can be very harmful not just to the potential human beingTaken the morning after pill involves risks for the women long term health. These are a small risk of thrombo-embolic and cardiovascular complications that increase with age, obesity and smoking. Anyone with a family history of diabetes and hypertension is at increased risk. The textbooks on drugs also caution about the use of this method for people with migraines, epilepsy, depression, asthma, contact lenses and varicose veins. There is also a risk that you may remain pregnant after taking the pill.During vacuum aspiration artificial dilation of the cervix in pregnancy carries the risk that the cervix will be damaged and will be insufficiently tight to contain a subsequent pregnancy, so the mother runs the risk of miscarriage or premature delivery next time she is pregn ant. It is also possible for the wall of the womb to be perforated, which can be very serious for the mother.During dilation and curettage or dilation and evacuation unless all the parts are removed it is possible for infection to set in. Infection as a result of retained parts of the child or the placenta can result at worst such damage to the fallopian tubes and the ovaries that the women is unable to ovulate and the egg to pass through the fallopian tube. Infertility specialists regularly cite abortion as a major cause of infertility. If infection is not treated quickly the women will be very ill, sometimes haemorrhaging and needing urgent hospitalisation.Many believe that a baby is a human with rights from the point of conception, this means that many people believe from the point when the foetus is formed the baby is a human being. These people believe that abortion is murder and should not be legal and should not be carried out. They believe that if an abortion is carried out it should be treated as a murder and the mother should be given a prison sentence.There are also less significant views, such as, having an abortion can break down relationships, cause depression and tear families apart. Having an abortion could be seen as an obstacle in a relationship, the two dont know what to say to each other or how to react. It could break up a family by going against others wishes; for example if half the family wants the baby and the other half dont. This leaves the mother very confused and lonely. Depression is seen as a more serious case, mothers can become depressed by changes in the body, she could feel guilty and following a termination she could feel like a piece of her has gone.Some other reasons why pro-life groups and some Christians are so strongly against abortion are:A Child should not be punished for its parents irresponsibility. The argument here is based on the embryos right to life irrespective of the situation his/her parents find themselves in. If the conception of the child is due to casual sex, the parents should have no rights to decide if the child should live or not. They would probably only be having an abortion for their own convenience and not value the unborn childs life at all.Woman should not be allowed to put her career before her life of her child. In todays society many woman are career orientated and the untimely arrival of a child may ruin their career prospects. If a career woman becomes pregnant she may look for an abortion as a way of dealing with an unwanted child. The Pro-Life movement believe that no human situation can justify the taking of an innocent life. Obviously a person in this situation may need counselling or help in knowing how to reconcile her pregnancy with her career.Abortion may have physical or mental side affects for the woman. Many women who go through with an abortion sometimes suffer from depression as a result of it. Pro-Life groups try to inform the public of these realities while Pro-Choice groups pay little attention to this.Abortion is plain and purely murder. This is what Pro-Life people and many Christians see abortion as. They believe if we are able to justify abortion then we could just as easily excuse murder as in both cases youre killing with intent.On the other hand some people would disagree with this statement becausePeople for abortion are often labelled Pro-Choice groups. These include The National Abortion Campaign Lobby. Pro-Choice groups believe that it is the right of any woman to terminate her pregnancy if she wishes. Groups which are Pro-Choice believe that abortion should be made legal and be offered to all women. The arguments they make for abortion are as follows:The embryo in the womb is not an actual human being. This argument is based on the belief that the embryo is just a cluster of cells which is not a person but only has the potential to be a human being.A woman should have the right to terminate her pregnancy if she wishe s This argument is based on the belief that a woman has absolute right over her own body. In this argument the embryo in the womb is not considered to have any rights whatsoever.Abortion should be legalised to stop unsafe and unsanitary back street abortions. This is one of the strongest arguments for abortion. In modern day society girls can get abortions anywhere if they really wish. These back street abortions are very dangerous and could maybe even lead to the mother dying as well as the child dying. So for this reason Pro Choice believe abortions should be allowed.Woman may not have the facilities and the money to raise a child. This argument is based on the fact that bringing up a child can be a financial burden. Pro Choice believe that if a mother feels she will not be able to care for the child then it is irresponsible on her part to bring a child into the world.A woman has become pregnant as the result of rape or her life is at risk if she has the child. Pro Choice argue th at it is unfair to force mother to go through the trauma of pregnancy to have a child which will make her feel hurt as it will remind her of the rape. Pro choice groups also argue that if a mothers life is at risk then she shouldnt have to go through with pregnancy because it would leave any other children she has motherless. A foetus is only a potential human life, but there can be no argument about the humanity of the woman.The child maybe born with physical or mental abnormality. This argument is based on a warped value system that says that a person with a mental or physical handicap is worth less than a person who has no disability.Many people who argue for abortions agree that with or without the law, it will still happen. Desperate women will go to all sorts of measures to get an abortion. People who fight for abortion argue that it is safer to allow abortions to be legal, this way, women can get the treatment they need safely.Another view is that if a woman is ill with child she should be able to abort the pregnancy. Many believe that if a mother is ill or has been raped or knows that the baby will have no quality of life they should be able to have an abortion. Some women who are disgraced in their familys views argue that their prime concern for requesting a termination was for the potential child. How can a mother bring a child into this world when she knows she will not love or care for it?In 1991 nearly 90% of all the 163,000 who had an abortion did so, on the grounds that it would be damaging to their physical or mental health.Another reason is if the pregnancy was unexpected. Contraception is widely available but it is not yet 100% reliable; in fact no method is 100% reliable.Other factors as to why women need or have abortions are, she may be too young or too old, and there is some conflict as to how old a woman can be to have a child. Some women terminate their pregnancy because of AIDS and HIV. Mothers are scared this may be passed in to thei r babies.If a woman wanted a child and found out from a scan that it would be severely handicapped and disabled she may want an abortion. Surely, as a parent you want whats best for your child in the long run and not put him or her through the pain of at least a childhood and adulthood of teasing or even worse bullying. If he or she was severely disabled mentally then he or she may not be able to communicate. This would affect the child mentally and physically. In modern day society there is a high chance of being discriminated against. Everywhere people are prejudice so why risk any abuse. Why put it through pain all of its life when it could have no pain at all.Research indicates that abortion is very safe. In fact carrying on with an unwanted pregnancy can cause more long-term stress and suffering than abortion can. A refused abortion can cause the mother to feel hate towards the child.It has been estimated that one hundred thousand women a year die from illegal abortions in coun tries where it is illegal. An estimated two million women have illegal abortions a year; those that dont die could be left with permanent injuries which may not allow the women to have further pregnancies in the future.Many people believe that from conception to birth the foetus is part of the mothers body and she therefore has complete jurisdiction over it. Therefore, some argue she should be able to have the right to terminate it from any time between conception and birth. These people do not believe in the 24-week law and may try to terminate a baby after this deadline.Even if abortions are banned they will still be done illegally. For example last year on the coast of Dublin there was an abortion ship, which is on international water where people can get an abortion if they like.In my opinion I disagree with this statement. Abortion is justified, but only in some cases.I think that the earlier laws were too harsh and impractical and the more recent laws are too lenient and vague . A balance between the two must be established. I think that the weeks limit should be changed to 20 weeks as the foetus has nearly finished developing senses and a brain and therefore might be able to feel pain during an abortion.I believe that many of the reasons for having abortions are totally unacceptable. For example, there have been reports that some pregnancies were terminated because parents decided that their child was the wrong sex. I think that too many women do not look hard enough to find the possible solutions of the problems that arise with pregnancies. Parents must take more responsibility. It is the final decision for the mother and the baby which can never be undone. It is probably one of the most difficult and heart rending decisions that a female will ever have to make in her life. A decision which should not be taken lightly as abortion can harm you body not just your feelings. It suddenly ends a natural process and can make it difficult for you to conceive an other baby.If a woman does not feel she is ready to bring up a child, the best option is to give the child up for adoption as there are thousands of people who are desperate to foster or adopt children. I disagree with some people who believe that abortion is simply a last chance contraceptive.But I do believe that there are circumstances and situations in which abortions are the best option. For example, if the child will have severe disabilities or if the continuation of a pregnancy will cause a high risk of severe injury to the mother or even death because the death of the mother would leave other children without a mother and this will mean that all their lives will be hugely affected. I also believe that it is right to terminate the life of one or more foetuses involved in a multiple pregnancy to preserve the life of other foetuses. Finally, I think that although doctors should consult other doctors, they should not be prosecuted for carrying out an abortion in extreme circumst ances. For example, in 1938, Dr Alexander Bourne performed an abortion on a 14 year old girl after a gang of soldiers raped her. Dr Bourne informed the police and was prosecuted.When an abortion is requested, I believe the reasons for the abortion should be evaluated by an impartial body. They should also consider the possible outcomes of the situation, if an abortion takes place, and if it does not. The woman seeking the abortion should not be the only person whose wishes are taken into consideration. The family and father should also be given thought.I do not think that abortion should be made illegal either. If abortion was made illegal, hundreds of women would die trying to solve the problem of an unwanted child by themselves. It would also cause a raped mother to have the baby, which could lead to her hating the child, because it reminds her everyday of her dreadful ordeal. Some women would die if they continued with the pregnancy and need to have the option of terminating the pregnancy available to them. Not having an abortion could also lead to a severely handicapped child being born with no chance of surviving. In my opinion legal abortion should be an available choice for a pregnant woman. I dont class a baby as a living, human being until it is born and so I dont see abortion as murder.I also believe that once the child is born there are very little mothers who will regret going through with the pregnancy and birth no matter what the situation is whether they have financial problems or whether they are just not ready.

Credibility of Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Credibility of Media - Essay Example Media credibility is the condition of believability or acceptance of its truthfulness or untruthfulness from the point of view of its audience (Starcks and Salwen, 2009), and may be expressed as a level or percentage of acceptance as in number of respondents answering in the affirmative or negative. For purposes of this paper and to enable an adventure into the pros and cons of the thesis statement, media shall be deemed to enjoy some reasonable acceptance by its publics, given that it has enjoyed public viewing since time unknown. Hence, the question: Is media becoming less and less credible? Recently, CBS News released the results of a survey by Pew Research Center for the People and the Press of people’s perception of media taken sometime in 2009 (CBSNews, 2009). The survey indicated that nearly two-thirds of Americans think that the news stories that they read, hear and watch are frequently inaccurate (CBSNews, 2009). The Center described these results as the highest level of skepticism ever recorded since 1985 when the first study was conducted. Other studies such as this would be presented in this paper to provide a wide-angle picture of the issue of credibility in media. It is the purpose of this paper to take this closer look at media in its most common forms and analyse critically the trend it is taking insofar as its acceptability to the public is concerned. The paper shall present secondary information to support its thesis regarding this media direction and provide some observations and conclusions that may add insight and value the literature available on the matter. Media Credibility What is media and what does it mean to most people? The concept of media traces back to the times old as far back as Aristotle. History is abundant in treatment of the development of media as it captures the essence of life in what is to be known as civilization. Man always looked for vehicles that would translate his ideas and values. In the early times, these representations could be found in the primitive expressions etched in stones and later, as the medium developed, in the traditional media. The theories varied but generally focused on source, message and audience type, and the issue has been the audience’s trust as a result of the audience’s knowing what is true (Stacks and Salwen, 2009). Media, then, according to Mayo and Nohria (2005), pertained largely to its use mostly by advertisers as communication vehicles for

Police misconduct Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police misconduct - Term Paper Example Biases and prejudices motivate police officers to take inappropriate actions on certain occasions. These inappropriate actions are usually labelled under police misconduct. This paper analyses different types of police misconduct. â€Å"Los Angeles Police Chief Charlie Beck is under fire from his civilian bosses, who increasingly are troubled by his reluctance to punish officers they found had killed or wounded people unjustifiably "(Rubin). The major objective of any criminal justice system is not to punish any innocent person even if thousands of criminals escaped from punishment. In other words, criminal justice system should make sure that enough evidences are there to punish a person. Police officers are responsible for the collection of evidences against the culprits. In certain cases, investigating officers may face lot of pressure from different corners to speed up the investigation process. In such cases, police complete the investigation process in a hurry to satisfy the p ublic demand. Imagine a situation in which a famous celebrity is killed. The killer could be an influential person in the society. Even if police gets enough evidences against the killer, it is not evidently that he may be arrested. The killer may offer bribes and the police may investigate the case as directed by the actual killer. The demand for the speedy arrest of the killer from the public may force the investigating officer to arrest somebody in connection with that murder. The actual killer or the police may present another person (a rented person) as the killer in front of the public. In such cases, police fabricate evidence against the rented person and arrest him to satisfy the public. This person may escape from punishment since it is difficult for the police to prove the crime against him in the courts. In short, the nexus between the police and criminals often result in police misconducts. â€Å"A 37-man force that patrols a gritty square-mile city south of downtown Lo s Angeles -- has become a haven for misfit cops who have been pushed out of other law enforcement agencies for crimes or serious misconduct† (Lait and Glover) BBC (3 April 2013) reported that â€Å"Kent Police officer Eileen Arthurs jailed for misconduct. Kent Police said she carried out unauthorised checks using the force's computers. The force said Arthurs had accessed the records of her friend, who was known to police, on several occasions with no professional reason to do so† (Kent Police officer Eileen Arthurs jailed for misconduct). On many occasions, police use its power to intrude into the personal details of the people. It is a fact that police officers can gather any information about a person if they have enough reasons to do so. However, it is illegal to intrude into the personal records of a person without a legitimate reason. â€Å"Responding to police misconduct is an essential step towards protecting yourself and your community from future police abuseà ¢â‚¬  (How do I report police misconduct?). Staying away from reporting police misconduct will encourage the police officers to repeat the crime again. When people show more readiness to report police misconduct, police officers may think twice before doing an illegal activity. â€Å"

Harry Lavender Essay Essay Example for Free

Harry Lavender Essay Essay All characters have their own distinctive voices but the main voice is Cluadia Valentine and she makes all other characters involved in her search to find the real truth of the crime that has been committed to Mark Bannister. Claudia Valentine is drawn into Harry Lavenders web of corruption and the world of organised crime behind Sydneys established image. Marele Days choice to take the traditional hardboiled private investigator approach and not only challenge the stereotyping of characters but also the common setting, from somewhere such as Los Angeles to Sydney. She also brings about many new ideas in relation to characters and themes. The relationships between characters, themes and setting provide a strong message, which at first appearances are tricky and unusual. It is also apparent that the common issue of the good versus evil is explored through both the two sides of the city and the characters of Claudia Valentine and Harry Lavender. The characters may live and breath the city but the city too is living and breathing, every moment unfolding new beauty and new corruption. Marele Days choice of  Sydney as a plot setting is vital to the novel and provokes a reaction in the reader that is one of discovery, exploration and search for truth. In Harry Lavender text, lavender is a sweet smelling flower, which is unable to hide the stench of the criminal underworld in Sydney. There are three references to ‘lavender’ in the novel which emphasise a recurring theme: when Claudia receives the flowers, the secret message that was left for Claudia, the scent of lavender in bloom in Sydney, the clues in the coroner report that lead her to suspect that Harry Lavender might be behind this crime  committed over the reporter’s story. Claudia’s distinctive voice gives the impression throughout â€Å"The life and Crimes of Harry Lavender† that she does not give up easily, which is ultimately her character. Claudia is very analytical in any situation when meeting characters or being exposed to different environments, â€Å"The city looks like a huge building site†. In the â€Å"Drifter† the entire family does not agree with the idea of leaving just for the sake of leaving. The mother, for example the â€Å"her† of the first line has hopes of establishing some permanence here. She is willing to leave in order  to be supportive of the father, which is an aspect of their relationship that is clear in the poem’s first line, when a major decision for the family is made by him alone, without discussion, and told to her. What makes this two text connected are the distinctive roles, that is the role of reversal a female initiative and persistence in a traditional male dominated field; women can do everything men can do challenges the stereotypes of traditional crime fiction and the story of â€Å"Drifters†. Claudia is a domineering character as a detective unlike traditionally male ones while the mother in â€Å"Drifters† is an independent woman, who takes care of herself and her family. Just like Claudia the mother in a way tends to observe in order to understand people. This can be seen in the use of â€Å"Wildly excited for no reason† in reference to her kids. Marele Day uses a lot of the technique of modern day films especially the â€Å"black and white† scenes on Harry Lavender. He is very detached and aloof, (nobody knows where is and what he looks like). We as the audience get to see and hear what Claudia could not get her hands on to solve the problems, like where Mark Banister’s writings on  Lavander are hidden. In contrast to the Harry Lavender text, the use of â€Å"One day soon hell tell her its time to start packing† shows us the obstacles of life experiences that are influenced by the great depression, families such as the one seen in â€Å"Drifter’s†. Claudia’s life becomes depressed and troubled because she cannot solve problems of crimes as fast as she would like to. Claudia contacts the American publisher, Nancy Grosz, who had rejected Mark’s book and arranges for her to return the only remaining disc containing the manuscript. She also phones Steve and plans a holiday with him to  Queensland where she hopes he will be able to meet her children. Just as Claudia is hoping to get close to the victory in this case, Collier gives her message that Harry Lavender has lapsed into a coma and is expected to die overnight. For Claudia this may be the end of the road but her investigation in life will go on. Similarly, hope and willingness to go on at all cost is seen in â€Å"Drifter’s† when mother’s hopes and wisdom of constant movement will give the opportunity to new chances, new ways of sustain the life of the whole family, we see at the end of the text, in the verse â€Å"Make a wish, Tom, make a wish†, which  symbolises her will to cope and accept the problems that are part of everyday life which is very similar to Claudia’s mindset . Although of different genres, â€Å"Harry Lavender† a crime story and â€Å"Drifters†, a poem, dearly portraying the struggles of the great depression in 1920s set in the American rural area, these two texts are connected by two women and their singularity in the struggle of not giving up. When compared, both texts are opening our minds to how singular and distinctive voices the main characters have, sending the message that life is very precious and is worth fighting for.

Cold Wars Third World Countries Essay -- essays papers

Cold Wars Third World Countries The cold war spawned many different third world rebellions and affected many small countries during its course. The cold war occurred after World War 2 between two main opposing sides: United States and the USSR. The reason for the conflict between the two world superpowers was the differential views on government and the politically correct society. The term ‘First, Second and Third world countries’ applies to their association during the Cold war era. First world countries were the countries associated with the United States and it’s other non-communist industrial allies. The countries supporting communism allied with the USSR and they were referred to as second world countries. Third world countries did not have association with neither the first nor the second world countries. Third world countries remained neutral throughout the Cold War. The Cold war was produced by anti-capitalism and anti-communism feelings from the United States to the USSR and visa-versa. The opposing viewpoints started appearing shortly before World War 2. During the beginnings of the Cold war, Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union to major communism empowerment. In 1927, he made a remark to describe the tension that was building. â€Å"The period of ‘peaceful coexistence’ is receding into the past, giving way to a period of imperialist attacks...† â€Å" Our relations with the capitalist countries are based on the assumption that the coexistence of the two opposing systems is possible. Practice has fully confirmed this.† One view on the use of ‘peaceful coexistence’ was that it was a tactic used by the USSR to keep the United States off guard. The United States accused the USSR of seeking to expand communism throughout the world. The USSR however, accused the United States of practicing Imperialism and with attempting to stop revolutionary activity. Even when denying the accusation of spreading communism throughout the world, the USSR was supporting insurgent revolutions in Asia, Africa and Latin America. After the devastation of World War 2, many western European countries became susceptible against communism. To help prevent this, the United States proposed a program called the Marshall Plan to help rebuild the distraught economies. During 1945 and early 1946, the USSR made efforts to cut off contact with th... ...00 American casualties. As to present day, Korea is still divided into its Communist north and Nationalist south. After France’s loss in the Indochina war, Vietnam was split into two portions, the North and the South. The Viet Minh concentrated in the North while the French and their supporters went to the southern half. The USSR and China helped supply North Vietnam with war supplies, but did not support directly with troops. The United States believed strongly that if Communism overtook all of Vietnam, all of Southeast Asia would follow in suit. The American government therefore sent troops and war materials into Vietnam and tried to suppress the communist north. After mass protest at home, the troops were withdrawn. Shortly after however, the South Vietnamese surrendered. In conclusion, the cold war affected many third world countries negatively. Many third world countries participated in civil wars amongst its people, only as a result of the rivalry between the United States and the USSR. The opposing viewpoints between the two nations had caused an outbreak of civil wars, crisis’s and standoffs. Bibliography: My name is Allen Yeung I go to RMA which really sucks Cold Wars Third World Countries Essay -- essays papers Cold Wars Third World Countries The cold war spawned many different third world rebellions and affected many small countries during its course. The cold war occurred after World War 2 between two main opposing sides: United States and the USSR. The reason for the conflict between the two world superpowers was the differential views on government and the politically correct society. The term ‘First, Second and Third world countries’ applies to their association during the Cold war era. First world countries were the countries associated with the United States and it’s other non-communist industrial allies. The countries supporting communism allied with the USSR and they were referred to as second world countries. Third world countries did not have association with neither the first nor the second world countries. Third world countries remained neutral throughout the Cold War. The Cold war was produced by anti-capitalism and anti-communism feelings from the United States to the USSR and visa-versa. The opposing viewpoints started appearing shortly before World War 2. During the beginnings of the Cold war, Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union to major communism empowerment. In 1927, he made a remark to describe the tension that was building. â€Å"The period of ‘peaceful coexistence’ is receding into the past, giving way to a period of imperialist attacks...† â€Å" Our relations with the capitalist countries are based on the assumption that the coexistence of the two opposing systems is possible. Practice has fully confirmed this.† One view on the use of ‘peaceful coexistence’ was that it was a tactic used by the USSR to keep the United States off guard. The United States accused the USSR of seeking to expand communism throughout the world. The USSR however, accused the United States of practicing Imperialism and with attempting to stop revolutionary activity. Even when denying the accusation of spreading communism throughout the world, the USSR was supporting insurgent revolutions in Asia, Africa and Latin America. After the devastation of World War 2, many western European countries became susceptible against communism. To help prevent this, the United States proposed a program called the Marshall Plan to help rebuild the distraught economies. During 1945 and early 1946, the USSR made efforts to cut off contact with th... ...00 American casualties. As to present day, Korea is still divided into its Communist north and Nationalist south. After France’s loss in the Indochina war, Vietnam was split into two portions, the North and the South. The Viet Minh concentrated in the North while the French and their supporters went to the southern half. The USSR and China helped supply North Vietnam with war supplies, but did not support directly with troops. The United States believed strongly that if Communism overtook all of Vietnam, all of Southeast Asia would follow in suit. The American government therefore sent troops and war materials into Vietnam and tried to suppress the communist north. After mass protest at home, the troops were withdrawn. Shortly after however, the South Vietnamese surrendered. In conclusion, the cold war affected many third world countries negatively. Many third world countries participated in civil wars amongst its people, only as a result of the rivalry between the United States and the USSR. The opposing viewpoints between the two nations had caused an outbreak of civil wars, crisis’s and standoffs. Bibliography: My name is Allen Yeung I go to RMA which really sucks

Describe Functionalist and Marxist Perspective on Education.

Describe functionalist and Marxist perspective on education. Functionalist Education can be described as the method whereby society continually passes on the knowledge it has gain from pass generations to the next or future generation. It is centered around and entails the teaching of the three R’s, which includes: arithmetic’s, reading and writing but also encompass social, spiritual, moral and physical component. It is viewed as a secondary agent of socialization as it socializes individuals into the norms and acceptable behaviors of society. Functionalist view education as having many roles but are interested mainly in how education meets society needs. They believe that one of its major roles being to equip individuals with intellectual knowledge. Functionalist also believes that besides it most obvious role of passing on society’s knowledge, education also has other latent roles that affects the individual on a holistical level and is reflective of society values, beliefs and norms. According to Durkheim individuals learn to socialize with one another within the schools through the integration of people from all diversity of society and this he believes is one of the latent roles of education, which he also call â€Å"moral education†. Besides this, functionalist believes that education have other latent or subtle roles that are used to instill in individuals values that stem from political and economic system and as a result help them build their self-confidence and prepares them for meeting society demands. For example, independence is taught through individualism. Functionalist also, believe that sorting (separating students on the basis of merit) another function of the school is essential in determine from early on who is capable of doing what and what job they will be better suited to in the future. The next function to take place after this is networking, they believe this function facilitates matchmaking and is unavoidable within the schools setting as individual of background, interest and education comes together to learn. Marxist Marxist sees education as a continuation of functionalist ideologies. They believe that education is used by functionalist to maintain the line of segregation that exists between the classes. Hence the reason why the Marxist view education as being used to create an â€Å"obedient working class† continuing the status quo. Acting as a persistent cause of inequality continuing to maintain the power structures and giving them the tool to create a â€Å"docile† work force. However, it is the view of the Marxist that the education system could be used as a system that helps in sorting the individuals of society into what is their calling position in life, it is the way it is done that their exist a problem. The problems they believe exist in the strategy that is used to by the functionalist to achieve this. This strategy they see as based on the ideals of functionalism which is according to class, race and gender. This is achieved in the form of the hidden agenda that exist within the curriculum that is used to educate. This hidden curriculum Marxist believes is present in every classroom and is taught through the use of the curriculum, hence the reason it is call the hidden curriculum. To the Marxist school of taught the hidden curriculum is present in numerous forms, this is evident in the funding that is available to school in affluent areas. These school according to Marxism are funded by â€Å"property taxes† because of there affluent location. Because of this they can afford to pay higher salaries to their teacher and this give them better teachers, available books and even technology. This in turn cause the students that attend these school to have better opportunities than child children who are schooled in rural areas that do not get the amount of funding that the other school get. Some of theses children are not even given the opportunity to go to college or even complete school. This inequality is also present in the exams that are given to children of the two classes. This is seen in the traditional IQ test that is given to student for acceptance into school. This test is Suppose to test the mental knowledge of the child but the formation of the test is not based on the intelligence of the child but on cultural knowledge. This creates a bias because children from a poor social background will not be able to answer question base on the culture of the affluence classes. This is called Cultural bias and is caused by inequality of the classes. They disagree with the idea that education can be used as a tool for any individual to move up within the social classes that exist in society. They believe that these principles are far from the truth. As religion is used to opiate the people against the real issues that affect them and to help in keeping them from solving their problems so to is education used to discourage the people from helping themselves and to remain within their social classes. Marxist see education as an influential tool in maintaining the lines that separate the have from the have not. Another argument of the functionalist school of taught is the use of meritocracy to help individual achieve status in life. However that Marxist sees this as a false perception, and believes that through meritocracy functionalist portrays the ideals of inequality of opportunity. Marxist believed that it is just another tool that is used to create an unequal society. The hidden curriculum is also present in the socialization process that takes place in school. It is of the view of many sociologists regardless of association or theory that the school is a major institution in the socialization process. It is for this reason that the Marxist believes that functionalist used this as the bases for the continuation of their theories. They see the hidden curriculum in this case as use to instill the norm and values of the functionalist. This is used to tell student what is deem as wrong or right, not allowing room for questioning. The question that Marxist asks is who is to tell what is right or wrong? Whether culturally, academically or otherwise. The hidden curriculum does not stop at school level but it is seen as being continued through out an individual lifetime whether it is in the home, work place or society as a whole.

The Hawksbill Sea Turtle And The Sea Turtles - 1947 Words

The Hawksbill Sea Turtle is one of seven species of sea turtles that inhabit the ocean. Their scientific name is Eretmochelys imbricata and they belong to the cheloniidae family. The hawksbill sea turtles are named for their hawk like beak. They also have a carapace with an overlapping pattern of scales that form a jagged edge along the shell. They are found mainly throughout the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. According to the national geographic, they tend to avoid deep waters and prefer coastlines where they can feast on sponges and with sandy beaches close by for nesting. According to the U.S Fish wildlife service of North Florida, the Hawksbill sea turtle also like to swim around rocky areas, coral reefs, lagoons, shallow†¦show more content†¦Not only are they poached specifically for their shell, but also for their meat for consumption of humans but also to be used as shark bait for fisherman. According to the National Wildlife Federation, â€Å"many sponges and small animals consumed, are toxic. The hawksbill body fat absorbs the toxins without making the turtle ill, but their meat is potentially poisonous to humans† (National Wildlife Federation). The IUCN also states that Hawksbill Sea Turtles are also sought out for their hatchling eggs. The next cause for decreasing hawksbill population is the loss of habitat. Degradation such as pollution being introduced to the oceans including untreated sewage, exhaust, trash, chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, industrial and powerplant emissions and oil spills – make their way into the water and the natural environment for this species and all ocean species that break down and destroy the ecosystem that they use to survive. Habitat destruction is also a factor that is a risk to this species chance of survival is human filling in wetlands and rivers to build for businesses and residential. Development for tourism is destructing nesting habitats for this species as well as all sea turtle species. Entanglement and ingestion of fish line and fishing nets is another cause for fatalities in the Hawksbill sea turtle species. Water craft strikes also contribute to injuries and fatalities amongst this species.Show MoreRelated Preserving Sea Turtles in United States Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesPreserving Sea Turtles in United States Sea turtles, which have been around for millions of years, are on the brink of extinction. In many countries, people consider their meat and eggs as prized delicacies. Often times they are just killed for their beautiful shell. However, the leading cause of sea turtle death in the US can be attributed to shrimp fishermen and the nets they use to catch shrimp (1). 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